(a) In General.—Except as otherwise provided in this chapter, this chapter shall take effect on October 1, 1997.

(b) Regulations.—Sections 411(d), 412(c), 413(c), 414(c), 415(c), 416(c), 421(d), 425(d), 431(c), 431(d), 452(a), and 454(a) shall take effect on the date of enactment of this Act.¹