As used in sections 38a-400 to 38a-425, inclusive, the following terms shall have the following meanings, unless the context shall otherwise require:

(1) “Applicant” means a person, whether or not a prospective insured, who applies to a title insurer or title agent for a title insurance policy and who, at the time of the application, is not a title agent.

(2) “Approved attorney” means an attorney at law who is not an employee of a title insurer and whose certification as to status of title a title insurer is willing to accept as the basis for issuance of its title insurance policy.

(3) “Associate” means any (A) business organized for profit in which a producer of title insurance business is a director, officer, partner, employee or owner of one per cent or more of the equity capital thereof; (B) employee of a producer of title insurance business; (C) franchisor or franchisee of a producer of title insurance business; (D) spouse, parent or child of a producer of title insurance business who is a natural person; (E) person, other than a natural person, who controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with, a producer of title insurance business; or (F) person with whom a producer of title insurance business or any associate of such producer has any agreement, arrangement or understanding or pursues any course of conduct, the purpose or substantial effect of which is to evade the provisions of sections 38a-400 to 38a-425, inclusive.

(4) “Charge” means any fee billed by a title agent or title insurer, or both, for the performance of services, other than fees which are premium, as defined in subdivision (9) of this section. Charge includes, but is not limited to, fees for document preparation and fees for services commenced but not completed. Charge does not include fees collected by a title insurer or title agent in an escrow, settlement or closing when the fees are limited to the amount billed for services rendered by an entity independent of the title insurer or title agent.

(5) “Controlled business” means any portion of a title insurer’s or title agent’s business of title insurance in this state, referred to it by any producer of title business or by any associate of such producer, where the producer of title business, the associate, or both, have a financial interest in the title insurer or title agent to which business is referred.

(6) “Financial interest” means any interest, legal or beneficial, that entitles the holder directly or indirectly to one per cent or more of the net profits or net worth of the entity in which the interest is held.

(7) “Gross operating revenue” means all premiums received by a title insurer or title agent.

(8) “Net retained liability” means the total liability retained by a title insurer for a single risk after taking into account the deduction for ceded liability, if any.

(9) “Premium” means fees for (A) issuing a title insurance policy, including any service charge or administration fee for the issuance of a title insurance policy; (B) preparing or issuing preliminary reports, property profiles, commitments, binders or like products; or (C) assuming liability under a contract of reinsurance.

(10) “Producer of title insurance business” or “producer” means any person, including any officer, director or owner of five per cent or more of the equity or capital of any person, engaged in this state in the trade, business, occupation or profession of (A) buying or selling interests in real property, (B) making loans secured by interests in real property or (C) acting as a broker, agent, representative or attorney of a person who buys or sells any interest in real property or who lends or borrows money with such interest as security.

(11) “Refer” means to direct or cause to be directed or to exercise any power or influence over the direction of title insurance business, whether or not the consent or approval of any other person is sought or obtained with respect to the referral.

(12) “Single risk” means the insured amount of any title insurance policy, except that where two or more title insurance policies are issued simultaneously covering different estates in the same real property, single risk means the sum of the insured amounts of all such title insurance policies, provided a title insurance policy insuring the interest of a mortgagee, a claim payment under which reduces the insured amount of a fee or leasehold title insurance policy, shall be excluded in computing the amount of a single risk to the extent that the insured amount of the mortgage title insurance policy does not exceed the insured amount of the fee or leasehold title insurance policy.

(13) “Title agent” or “agent” means any person authorized in writing by a title insurer to (A) solicit title insurance business, (B) collect premiums, (C) determine the insurability of a risk in accordance with underwriting rules and standards prescribed by the title insurer or (D) issue policies of the title insurer. Title agent does not include officers or employees of a title insurer. No person may act as a title agent unless he is a commissioner of the Superior Court in good standing, except any individual who held a valid title insurance license on or before June 12, 1984.

(14) “Title insurance business” or “business of title insurance” means (A) issuing as insurer or offering to issue as insurer a title insurance policy or (B) transacting or proposing to transact by a title insurer or title agent any of the following activities when conducted or performed in contemplation of the issuance of a title insurance policy: (i) Soliciting or negotiating the issuance of a title insurance policy; (ii) guaranteeing, warranting, or otherwise insuring the correctness of title searches; (iii) execution of title insurance policies; (iv) effecting contracts of reinsurance or (v) doing or proposing to do any business in substance equivalent to any of the foregoing in a manner designed to evade the provisions of sections 38a-400 to 38a-425, inclusive.

(15) “Title insurance policy” or “policy” means a contract insuring or indemnifying against loss or damage arising from (A) defects in or liens or encumbrances on the insured title, (B) unmarketability of the insured title or (C) invalidity or unenforceability of liens or encumbrances on the stated property, provided any such defect, unmarketability or invalidity existed on or before the policy date. Title insurance policy does not include a preliminary report, binder, commitment or abstract.

(16) “Title insurer” or “insurer” means a company organized under laws of this state for the purpose of transacting as insurer the business of title insurance and any foreign or alien title insurer engaged in this state in the business of title insurance as insurer.

(17) “Title plant” means a set of records in which an entry has been made of documents or matters imparting constructive notice under the law of matters affecting title to real property or any interest therein or encumbrance thereon, which have been filed or recorded in the jurisdiction for which such title plant is maintained.