As Hearsay

Telex messages have been held to be inadmissible hearsay,{footnote}See Michaels v. Michaels, 767 F.2d 1185, 1201-02 (7th Cir. 1985), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 1057 (1986)(holding some telex messages inadmissible hearay, some constituting admissions, and one recounting a conversation constituting "present sense impression.").{/footnote} and some courts have specifically held that they do not not satisfy the requirements of the business records exception.{footnote}Willco Kuwait Trading S.A.K. v. deSavary, 843 F.2d 618, 628 (1st Cir. 1988); United States v. Nixon, 779 F.2d 126, 134 (2d Cir. 1985); United States v. Kim, 95 F.2d 755 (D.C. Cir. 1979)(offered by defense in prosecution for conspiracy to defraud).

Contra United States v. Reilly, 33 F.3d 1396, 1413-14 (3d Cir. 1994)(telex messages to cargo ship erroneously excluded); United States v. Gregg, 829 F.2d 1430, 1433, 1440 (8th Cir. 1987), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1022 (1988).{/footnote}