(a) Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section and subject to the provisions of subsection (d) of this section, a person who violates any provision of this subtitle or any rule or regulation adopted under this subtitle is subject to a civil penalty imposed in a civil action not exceeding $1,000 for each violation.

(b) A person who violates § 9.5-405(a) or (e) or § 9.5-416 of this subtitle and is served a civil citation under that section is subject to a civil penalty as follows:

(1) $250 for the first violation;

(2) $500 for the second violation; and

(3) $1,000 for the third and each subsequent violation.

(c) Each day a violation occurs is a separate violation under this section.

(d) The total amount of civil penalties imposed in an action under this section may not exceed $5,000.