40 CFR 600.113-12 – Fuel economy, CO2 emissions, and carbon-related exhaust emission calculations for FTP, HFET, US06, SC03 and cold temperature FTP tests
The Administrator will use the calculation procedure set forth in this paragraph for all official EPA testing of vehicles fueled with gasoline, diesel, alcohol-based or natural gas fuel. The calculations of the weighted fuel economy and carbon-related exhaust emission values require input of the weighted grams/mile values for total hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and carbon dioxide (CO
(a) Calculate the FTP fuel economy as follows:
(1) Calculate the weighted grams/mile values for the FTP test for CO
(2) Calculate separately the grams/mile values for the cold transient phase, stabilized phase and hot transient phase of the FTP test. For vehicles with more than one source of propulsion energy, one of which is a rechargeable energy storage system, or vehicles with special features that the Administrator determines may have a rechargeable energy source, whose charge can vary during the test, calculate separately the grams/mile values for the cold transient phase, stabilized phase, hot transient phase and hot stabilized phase of the FTP test.
(b) Calculate the HFET fuel economy as follows:
(1) Calculate the mass values for the highway fuel economy test for HC, CO, and CO
(2) Calculate the grams/mile values for the highway fuel economy test for HC, CO, and CO
(c) Calculate the cold temperature FTP fuel economy as follows:
(1) Calculate the weighted grams/mile values for the cold temperature FTP test for HC, CO, and CO
(2) Calculate separately the grams/mile values for the cold transient phase, stabilized phase and hot transient phase of the cold temperature FTP test as specified in 40 CFR 1066.605.
(3) Measure and record the test fuel’s properties as specified in paragraph (f) of this section.
(d) Calculate the US06 fuel economy as follows:
(1) Calculate the total grams/mile values for the US06 test for HC, CO, and CO
(2) Calculate separately the grams/mile values for HC, CO, and CO
(3) Measure and record the test fuel’s properties as specified in paragraph (f) of this section.
(e) Calculate the SC03 fuel economy as follows:
(1) Calculate the grams/mile values for the SC03 test for HC, CO, and CO
(2) Measure and record the test fuel’s properties as specified in paragraph (f) of this section.
(f) Analyze and determine fuel properties as follows:
(1) Gasoline test fuel properties shall be determined by analysis of a fuel sample taken from the fuel supply. A sample shall be taken after each addition of fresh fuel to the fuel supply. Additionally, the fuel shall be resampled once a month to account for any fuel property changes during storage. Less frequent resampling may be permitted if EPA concludes, on the basis of manufacturer-supplied data, that the properties of test fuel in the manufacturer’s storage facility will remain stable for a period longer than one month. The fuel samples shall be analyzed to determine the following fuel properties:
(i) Specific gravity measured using ASTM D 1298 (incorporated by reference in § 600.011).
(ii) Carbon weight fraction measured using ASTM D 3343 (incorporated by reference in § 600.011).
(iii) Net heating value (Btu/lb) determined using ASTM D 3338/D 3338M (incorporated by reference in § 600.011).
(2) Methanol test fuel shall be analyzed to determine the following fuel properties:
(i) Specific gravity using ASTM D 1298 (incorporated by reference in § 600.011). You may determine specific gravity for the blend, or you may determine specific gravity for the gasoline and methanol fuel components separately before combining the results using the following equation:
(ii)(A) Carbon weight fraction using the following equation:
(B) Upon the approval of the Administrator, other procedures to measure the carbon weight fraction of the fuel blend may be used if the manufacturer can show that the procedures are superior to or equally as accurate as those specified in this paragraph (f)(2)(ii).
(3) Natural gas test fuel shall be analyzed to determine the following fuel properties:
(i) Fuel composition measured using ASTM D 1945 (incorporated by reference in § 600.011).
(ii) Specific gravity measured as based on fuel composition per ASTM D 1945 (incorporated by reference in § 600.011).
(iii) Carbon weight fraction, based on the carbon contained only in the hydrocarbon constituents of the fuel. This equals the weight of carbon in the hydrocarbon constituents divided by the total weight of fuel.
(iv) Carbon weight fraction of the fuel, which equals the total weight of carbon in the fuel (i.e., includes carbon contained in hydrocarbons and in CO
(4) Ethanol test fuel shall be analyzed to determine the following fuel properties:
(i) Specific gravity using ASTM D 1298 (incorporated by reference in § 600.011). You may determine specific gravity for the blend, or you may determine specific gravity for the gasoline and methanol fuel components separately before combining the results using the following equation:
(ii)(A) Carbon weight fraction using the following equation:
(B) Upon the approval of the Administrator, other procedures to measure the carbon weight fraction of the fuel blend may be used if the manufacturer can show that the procedures are superior to or equally as accurate as those specified in this paragraph (f)(4)(ii).
(g) Calculate separate FTP, highway, US06, SC03 and Cold temperature FTP fuel economy and carbon-related exhaust emissions from the grams/mile values for total HC, CO, CO
(1) Emission values for fuel economy calculations. The emission values (obtained per paragraph (a) through (e) of this section, as applicable) used in the calculations of fuel economy in this section shall be rounded in accordance with § 86.1837 of this chapter. The CO
(2) Emission values for carbon-related exhaust emission calculations. (i) If the emission values (obtained per paragraph (a) through (e) of this section, as applicable) were obtained from testing with aged exhaust emission control components as allowed under § 86.1823 of this chapter, then these test values shall be used in the calculations of carbon-related exhaust emissions in this section.
(ii) If the emission values (obtained per paragraph (a) through (e) of this section, as applicable) were not obtained from testing with aged exhaust emission control components as allowed under § 86.1823 of this chapter, then these test values shall be adjusted by the appropriate deterioration factor determined according to § 86.1823 of this chapter before being used in the calculations of carbon-related exhaust emissions in this section. For vehicles within a test group, the appropriate NMOG deterioration factor may be used in lieu of the deterioration factors for CH
(iii) The emission values determined in paragraph (g)(2)(i) or (ii) of this section shall be rounded in accordance with § 86.1837 of this chapter. The CO
(iv) For manufacturers complying with the fleet averaging option for N
(A) The FTP and HFET test values as determined for the emission data vehicle according to the provisions of § 86.1835 of this chapter. These values shall apply to all vehicles tested under this section that are included in the test group represented by the emission data vehicle and shall be adjusted by the appropriate deterioration factor determined according to § 86.1823 of this chapter before being used in the calculations of carbon-related exhaust emissions in this section, except that in-use test data shall not be adjusted by a deterioration factor.
(B) The FTP and HFET test values as determined according to testing conducted under the provisions of this subpart. These values shall be adjusted by the appropriate deterioration factor determined according to § 86.1823 of this chapter before being used in the calculations of carbon-related exhaust emissions in this section, except that in-use test data shall not be adjusted by a deterioration factor.
(C) For the 2012 through 2016 model years only, manufacturers may use an assigned value of 0.010 g/mi for N
(3) The specific gravity and the carbon weight fraction (obtained per paragraph (f) of this section) shall be recorded using three places to the right of the decimal point. The net heating value (obtained per paragraph (f) of this section) shall be recorded to the nearest whole Btu/lb.
(4) For the purpose of determining the applicable in-use CO
(h)(1) For gasoline-fueled automobiles tested on a test fuel specified in § 86.113 of this chapter, the fuel economy in miles per gallon is to be calculated using the following equation and rounded to the nearest 0.1 miles per gallon:
(2)(i) For 2012 and later model year methanol-fueled automobiles and automobiles designed to operate on mixtures of gasoline and methanol, the carbon-related exhaust emissions in grams per mile while operating on methanol is to be calculated using the following equation and rounded to the nearest 1 gram per mile:
HC = Grams/mile HC as obtained in paragraph (g)(2) of this section.
CO = Grams/mile CO as obtained in paragraph (g)(2) of this section.
CO
CH
HCHO = Grams/mile HCHO (formaldehyde) as obtained in paragraph (g)(2) of this section.
(ii) For manufacturers complying with the fleet averaging option for N
(k)(1) For automobiles fueled with natural gas and automobiles designed to operate on gasoline and natural gas, the fuel economy in miles per gallon of natural gas is to be calculated using the following equation:
(2)(i) For automobiles fueled with natural gas and automobiles designed to operate on gasoline and natural gas, the carbon-related exhaust emissions in grams per mile while operating on natural gas is to be calculated for 2012 and later model year vehicles using the following equation and rounded to the nearest 1 gram per mile:
(ii) For manufacturers complying with the fleet averaging option for N
(l)(1) For ethanol-fueled automobiles and automobiles designed to operate on mixtures of gasoline and ethanol, the fuel economy in miles per gallon of ethanol is to be calculated using the following equation:
(2)(i) For 2012 and later model year ethanol-fueled automobiles and automobiles designed to operate on mixtures of gasoline and ethanol, the carbon-related exhaust emissions in grams per mile while operating on ethanol is to be calculated using the following equation and rounded to the nearest 1 gram per mile:
(ii) For manufacturers complying with the fleet averaging option for N
(m)(1) For automobiles fueled with liquefied petroleum gas and automobiles designed to operate on gasoline and liquefied petroleum gas, the fuel economy in miles per gallon of liquefied petroleum gas is to be calculated using the following equation:
(2)(i) For automobiles fueled with liquefied petroleum gas and automobiles designed to operate on gasoline and liquefied petroleum gas, the carbon-related exhaust emissions in grams per mile while operating on liquefied petroleum gas is to be calculated for 2012 and later model year vehicles using the following equation and rounded to the nearest 1 gram per mile:
(ii) For manufacturers complying with the fleet averaging option for N
(n) Manufacturers shall determine CO
(1) For electric vehicles, but not including fuel cell vehicles, the carbon-related exhaust emissions in grams per mile is to be calculated using the following equation and rounded to the nearest one gram per mile:
(2) For plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, the carbon-related exhaust emissions in grams per mile is to be calculated according to the provisions of § 600.116, except that the CREE for charge-depleting operation shall be the sum of the CREE associated with gasoline consumption and the net upstream CREE determined according to paragraph (n)(1) of this section, rounded to the nearest one gram per mile.
(3) For 2012 and later model year fuel cell vehicles, the carbon-related exhaust emissions in grams per mile shall be calculated using the method specified in paragraph (n)(1) of this section, except that CREEUP shall be determined according to procedures established by the Administrator under § 600.111-08(f). As described in § 86.1866 of this chapter, the value of CREE may be set equal to zero for 2012 through 2026 model year fuel cell vehicles.
(o) Equations for fuels other than those specified in this section may be used with advance EPA approval. Alternate calculation methods for fuel economy and carbon-related exhaust emissions may be used in lieu of the methods described in this section if shown to yield equivalent or superior results and if approved in advance by the Administrator.
- 0.6 × SG × NHV) + 5471)]
Where: HC = Grams/mile HC as obtained in paragraph (g)(1) of this section. CO = Grams/mile CO as obtained in paragraph (g)(1) of this section. CO 2 = Grams/mile CO2 as obtained in paragraph (g)(1) of this section.CWF = Carbon weight fraction of test fuel as obtained in paragraph (f)(1) of this section and rounded according to paragraph (g)(3) of this section. NHV = Net heating value by mass of test fuel as obtained in paragraph (f)(1) of this section and rounded according to paragraph (g)(3) of this section. SG = Specific gravity of test fuel as obtained in paragraph (f)(1) of this section and rounded according to paragraph (g)(3) of this section. (2)(i) For 2012 and later model year gasoline-fueled automobiles tested on a test fuel specified in § 86.113 of this chapter, the carbon-related exhaust emissions in grams per mile is to be calculated using the following equation and rounded to the nearest 1 gram per mile:
CREE = (CWF/0.273 × HC) + (1.571 × CO) + CO 2 Where: CREE means the carbon-related exhaust emissions as defined in § 600.002. HC = Grams/mile HC as obtained in paragraph (g)(2) of this section. CO = Grams/mile CO as obtained in paragraph (g)(2) of this section. CO 2 = Grams/mile CO2 as obtained in paragraph (g)(2) of this section.CWF = Carbon weight fraction of test fuel as obtained in paragraph (f)(1) of this section and rounded according to paragraph (g)(3) of this section. (ii) For manufacturers complying with the fleet averaging option for N
2 O and CH4 as allowed under § 86.1818 of this chapter, the carbon-related exhaust emissions in grams per mile for 2012 and later model year gasoline-fueled automobiles tested on a test fuel specified in § 86.113 of this chapter is to be calculated using the following equation and rounded to the nearest 1 gram per mile:CREE = [(CWF/0.273) × NMHC] + (1.571 × CO) + CO 2 + (298 × N2 O) + (25 × CH4 )Where: CREE means the carbon-related exhaust emissions as defined in § 600.002. NMHC = Grams/mile NMHC as obtained in paragraph (g)(2) of this section. CO = Grams/mile CO as obtained in paragraph (g)(2) of this section. CO 2 = Grams/mile CO2 as obtained in paragraph (g)(2) of this section.N 2 O = Grams/mile N2 O as obtained in paragraph (g)(2) of this section.CH 4 = Grams/mile CH4 as obtained in paragraph (g)(2) of this section.CWF = Carbon weight fraction of test fuel as obtained in paragraph (f)(1) of this section and rounded according to paragraph (g)(3) of this section. (i)(1) For diesel-fueled automobiles, calculate the fuel economy in miles per gallon of diesel fuel by dividing 2778 by the sum of three terms and rounding the quotient to the nearest 0.1 mile per gallon:
(i)(A) 0.866 multiplied by HC (in grams/miles as obtained in paragraph (g)(1) of this section), or
(B) Zero, in the case of cold FTP diesel tests for which HC was not collected, as permitted in § 600.113-08(c);
(ii) 0.429 multiplied by CO (in grams/mile as obtained in paragraph (g)(1) of this section); and
(iii) 0.273 multiplied by CO
2 (in grams/mile as obtained in paragraph (g)(1) of this section).(2)(i) For 2012 and later model year diesel-fueled automobiles, the carbon-related exhaust emissions in grams per mile is to be calculated using the following equation and rounded to the nearest 1 gram per mile:
CREE = (3.172 × HC) + (1.571 × CO) + CO 2 Where: CREE means the carbon-related exhaust emissions as defined in § 600.002. HC = Grams/mile HC as obtained in paragraph (g)(2) of this section. CO = Grams/mile CO as obtained in paragraph (g)(2) of this section. CO 2 = Grams/mile CO2 as obtained in paragraph (g)(2) of this section.(ii) For manufacturers complying with the fleet averaging option for N
2 O and CH4 as allowed under § 86.1818 of this chapter, the carbon-related exhaust emissions in grams per mile for 2012 and later model year diesel-fueled automobiles is to be calculated using the following equation and rounded to the nearest 1 gram per mile:CREE = (3.172 × NMHC) + (1.571 × CO) + CO 2 + (298 × N2 O) + (25 × CH4 )Where: CREE means the carbon-related exhaust emissions as defined in § 600.002. NMHC = Grams/mile NMHC as obtained in paragraph (g)(2) of this section. CO = Grams/mile CO as obtained in paragraph (g)(2) of this section. CO 2 = Grams/mile CO2 as obtained in paragraph (g)(2) of this section.N 2 O = Grams/mile N2 O as obtained in paragraph (g)(2) of this section.CH 4 = Grams/mile CH4 as obtained in paragraph (g)(2) of this section.(j)(1) For methanol-fueled automobiles and automobiles designed to operate on mixtures of gasoline and methanol, the fuel economy in miles per gallon of methanol is to be calculated using the following equation:
mpg = (CWF × SG × 3781.8)/((CWF exHC × HC) + (0.429 × CO) + (0.273 × CO2 ) + (0.375 × CH3 OH) + (0.400 × HCHO [↩]