(a) A prospective adoptive parent or an adoptive parent and a biological parent; or a prospective adoptive parent or an adoptive parent, a biological parent, and a child who is fourteen (14) years of age or older who is being adopted or who has been adopted, may voluntarily enter into a writtencontract for post-adoption contact that permits continued contact between legal relatives and the child. Unless expressly designated as a moral agreement only and that the agreement is not intended to be legally enforceable, a written agreement executed in accordance with this section is a contract for post-adoption contact, and is enforceable pursuant to this section. A subject child fourteen (14) years of age or older is a necessary party to a contract for post-adoption contact and is deemed to have the capacity to enter into a contract for purposes of this section.
Terms Used In Tennessee Code 36-1-145
Adoption: means the social and legal process of establishing by court order, other than by paternity or legitimation proceedings or by voluntary acknowledgment of paternity, the legal relationship of parent and child. See Tennessee Code 36-1-102
Beneficiary: A person who is entitled to receive the benefits or proceeds of a will, trust, insurance policy, retirement plan, annuity, or other contract. Source: OCC
Biological parents: means the woman and man who physically or genetically conceived the child who is the subject of the adoption or termination proceedings or who conceived the child who has made a request for information pursuant to this part. See Tennessee Code 36-1-102
children: means any person or persons under eighteen (18) years of age. See Tennessee Code 36-1-102
Contract: A legal written agreement that becomes binding when signed.
court: includes the juvenile court for purposes of the authority to accept the surrender or revocation of surrenders of a child and to issue any orders of reference, orders of guardianship, or other orders resulting from a surrender or revocation that it accepts and for purposes of authorizing the termination of parental rights pursuant to §. See Tennessee Code 36-1-102
Equitable: Pertaining to civil suits in "equity" rather than in "law." In English legal history, the courts of "law" could order the payment of damages and could afford no other remedy. See damages. A separate court of "equity" could order someone to do something or to cease to do something. See, e.g., injunction. In American jurisprudence, the federal courts have both legal and equitable power, but the distinction is still an important one. For example, a trial by jury is normally available in "law" cases but not in "equity" cases. Source: U.S. Courts
Evidence: Information presented in testimony or in documents that is used to persuade the fact finder (judge or jury) to decide the case for one side or the other.
Guardian: means a person or entity appointed by a court to provide care, custody, control, supervision, and protection for a child, and authorized by the court to adopt or consent to the adoption of the child as a result of a surrender, parental consent, or termination of parental rights. See Tennessee Code 36-1-102
Guardian: A person legally empowered and charged with the duty of taking care of and managing the property of another person who because of age, intellect, or health, is incapable of managing his (her) own affairs.
Guardianship: means the status created by a court order appointing a person or entity guardian of the child. See Tennessee Code 36-1-102
Jurisdiction: (1) The legal authority of a court to hear and decide a case. Concurrent jurisdiction exists when two courts have simultaneous responsibility for the same case. (2) The geographic area over which the court has authority to decide cases.
Litigation: A case, controversy, or lawsuit. Participants (plaintiffs and defendants) in lawsuits are called litigants.
Parental rights: means the legally recognized rights and responsibilities to act as a parent, to care for, to name, and to claim custodial rights with respect to a child. See Tennessee Code 36-1-102
parents: means any biological, legal, adoptive parent or parents or, for purposes of §. See Tennessee Code 36-1-102
Person: includes a corporation, firm, company or association. See Tennessee Code 1-3-105
signed: includes a mark, the name being written near the mark and witnessed, or any other symbol or methodology executed or adopted by a party with intention to authenticate a writing or record, regardless of being witnessed. See Tennessee Code 1-3-105
State: when applied to the different parts of the United States, includes the District of Columbia and the several territories of the United States. See Tennessee Code 1-3-105
written: includes printing, typewriting, engraving, lithography, and any other mode of representing words and letters. See Tennessee Code 1-3-105
(b) A contract for post-adoption contact may provide for privileges regarding an adopted child, including, but not limited to, visitation with the child, contact with the child, sharing of information about the child, or sharing of information about biological parents or adoptive parents.(c) A contract for post-adoption contact must be in writing and signed by all parties to the agreement and is enforceable pursuant to this section. A verbal agreement or written statement not signed by all parties is not enforceable under this section. A provision of a contract for post-adoption contact permitting contact between an adopted child and a person legally restrained from contact with the child, or with children generally, is not enforceable under this section. A contract for post-adoption contact becomes enforceable under this section upon finalization of the anticipated adoption. Unless the parties state otherwise in the contract, a contract for post-adoption contact may be enforceable until the child being adopted reaches eighteen (18) years of age.(d) As used in this section, “parties” means the prospective adoptive parent or adoptive parent, the biological parent, and the child if the child is fourteen (14) years of age or older at the time of the contract, but excludes any third-party beneficiary to the contract.(e) A contract for post-adoption contact must contain the following warnings in at least fourteen (14) point boldface type:
(1) After the entry of an order of adoption, an adoption cannot be set aside due to the failure of an adoptive parent, a biological parent, or the child to follow the terms of this contract or a later change to this contract; and(2) A disagreement between the parties or litigation brought to enforce or modify this contract shall not affect the validity of the adoption and cannot serve as a basis for orders affecting the custody of the child.(f) Except as otherwise provided in subdivision (j)(5), the court issuing the order of adoption has continuing jurisdiction over enforcement or modification of a contract for post-adoption contact.(g) A party to a contract for post-adoption contact may file the original contract with the court having jurisdiction over the adoption if the contract provides for court enforcement or if the contract is silent as to the issue of enforcement. A contract filed with the adoption court must be filed in the adoption action, unless an action to enforce the contract is filed. An action to enforce the contract is a new and independent action.(h) A contract for post-adoption contact may be modified or terminated by voluntary execution of a modification or termination agreement by all living parties to the original contract. A modified contract for post-adoption contact may be filed with the court if the contract provides for court enforcement or the contract is silent as to enforcement.(i) A court shall not set aside an order of adoption, rescind a waiver of interest or surrender, or modify an order terminating parental rights due to the failure of a party to comply with any or all the original terms of, or subsequent modifications to, a contract for post-adoption contact.(j) A biological parent shall not petition the court for modification of a contract for post-adoption contact. Only the adoptive parent or the child may petition the court to modify a contract for post-adoption contact. For purposes of this section, a petition to terminate a post-adoption contract will be considered a petition for modification of the contract. Any party may petition the court for enforcement of a contract for post-adoption contact. Enforcement or modification of an enforceable contract for post-adoption contact must be initiated by an appropriate party as follows:
(1) By delivering a letter, by certified mail or personal service, to all other parties to the contract stating with reasonable particularity the enforcement or modification sought and the reason for such request;(2) The party against whom enforcement or modification is sought has thirty (30) days after receipt of the letter to provide a response;(3) If no response is received within thirty (30) days, or the response is not satisfactory to the party initiating enforcement or modification, the adoptive parent must seek and obtain, at the parent’s own expense, a written opinion from a licensed psychological professional holding a certification equal to or greater than that of clinical social worker as to the child’s best interests on the issue or issues raised and a recommendation as to whether any or all of the requested enforcement or modification should occur, including any other recommendations based on the child’s best interests regarding the child’s relationship to the parties. The opinion of the psychological professional must be completed and provided to the other parties by the adoptive parents within ninety (90) days of the delivery of the initial notice;(4) If the professional recommendation does not result in a resolution of the issues, or if the adoptive parent fails to obtain the opinion of a psychological professional within the time provided, the parties shall attend mediation within thirty (30) days of the release of the written recommendation or within one hundred twenty (120) days of the delivery of the initial notice. The parties may agree on a mediator, or a party otherwise authorized to do so under this section may file a petition for modification or enforcement of the contract before the court that issued the order of adoption and request appointment of a mediator. The adoptive parent is responsible for the mediation costs; and(5) If the issues raised are not resolved after two (2) mediation sessions, the mediation reaches an impasse as determined by the mediator, or the opposing party refuses to participate in mediation, a party, if permitted under this section, may petition the court that issued the order of adoption for relief. If the court that issued the order of adoption is not a Tennessee court and a biological parent residing in Tennessee is seeking enforcement of a contract for post-adoption contact, then the biological parent may petition for enforcement of the contract in a court with adoption jurisdiction in the county where the biological parent resides. If at that time no party resides in this state, the petition may be filed in a court with adoption jurisdiction where the child resides. Tennessee law applies to enforcement of contracts made pursuant to this section regardless of where the action is filed. The burden of proof is on the party seeking enforcement or modification. The standard of proof is a preponderance of the evidence. The best interests of the child must be the court’s primary test for determining whether the contract should be modified or enforced, but the good faith of all parties, any change in circumstances since the contract was executed, and each party’s compliance with the contract to date, are also relevant considerations. The court may consider such other evidence as is appropriate to reach an equitable resolution.(k) Any further requests for enforcement or modification based on the same or similar allegations made by the same party must be filed at the expense of the moving party directly in the court that granted the order for adoption. A party determined by the court to be noncompliant must overcome a presumption of bad faith.(l) Court costs and attorney fees incurred by any party to the contract and the fees of any attorney for the child incurred under subsection (j)(5) may be taxed to all or any parties. The good faith and means of each party are to be primary considerations for apportionment of fees and expenses.(m) Should an adoptive parent lose legal custody of the child, the process in this section to enforce a contract for post-adoption contact must be suspended until such time as custody is restored. However, a subsequent custodian may choose to comply with the contract as a moral agreement.(n)(1) A guardian ad litem appointed for the subject child in a contested termination of parental rights is not a necessary party to a contract for post-adoption contact. Parties to a proposed agreement shall offer the guardian ad litem an opportunity to participate in the negotiation of the agreement and to review the final agreement before it is executed, and shall provide to the guardian ad litem a copy of the contract for post-adoption contact after it is executed.(2) If the contract for post-adoption contact is part of an agreed resolution to a contested termination of parental or guardianship rights action, then the child’s guardian ad litem shall advocate for the best interest of the child before the execution of the agreement. The guardian ad litem may request a hearing before the court, prior to resolution of the termination of parental or guardianship rights action, to offer evidence regarding whether the contract for post-adoption contact serves the child’s best interest. The court may consider the terms of a contract for post-adoption contact in determining whether termination of parental or guardianship rights is in the best interest of the child.(3) A contract for post-adoption contact may not expand or extend the duties of the guardian ad litem after the final resolution of the case in which the guardian ad litem is appointed. If a court determines that a child requires a guardian ad litem in an action to enforce or modify a contract for post-adoption contact, the court may make a new guardian ad litem appointment.
